However, with the rise of secularism, Catholic–Protestant disputes are generally constrained to the intellectual sphere. Much of the schism and the events it caused can be categorised as violent and tumultuous. However, many remained Catholic, and some areas reverted to the Catholic religion as a result of the Counter-Reformation. A series of significant events followed which divided Europe and culminated in a number of states transitioning from Catholicism to Protestantism as their state religion. These disputes led to a schism whereby Protestants chose to split from the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which clarified the Catholic approach to Protestantism from then on, declaring all forms of Protestantism heretical. Namely, disagreement on the nature of salvation and by extension a number of doctrines including the sale of indulgences and more. A number of factors contributed to the Protestant Reformation. This relationship began in the 16th century with the beginning of the Reformation and thereby Protestantism. Catholic–Protestant relations refers to the social, political and theological relations and dialogue between the Catholics and Protestants.
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